Thomas Fairfax 3rd Baron Fairfax [16747] ^24,25

  General Notes:

MP. Lord of the Isle of Man. The Complete Peerage vol.V,pp.230-231.

http://www.hull.ac.uk/php/cssbct/cgi-bin/gedlkup.php/n=royal?royal23164
http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/FAIRFAX.htm#Ferdinando%20FAIRFAX%20(2°%20B.%20Fairfax)

http://www.linleyfh.com/oursecondsite-p/p306.htm#i24577

Thomas studied at St John's College, Cambridge University, from 1626.
Thomas Fairfax 3rd Baron served in the military in 1629 He joined Sir Horace Vere's army, fighting for the Dutch in the Thirty Years War. He married Vere's daughter on his return to England. In 1639 he marched with King Charles I against the Scots in the First Bishop's War. Although the war ended with the pacification of Berwick before any fighting took place, Fairfax was knighted for his services in January 1640.
Thomas Fairfax 3rd Baron married Ann Vere <http://www.linleyfh.com/oursecondsite-p/p826.htm#i24561> in 1637.
He was a leading Parliamentarian general of the First and Second Civil Wars and Lord-General of the New Model Army. He refused to fight against Chares II in the Third Civil War and supported the Restoration. Thomas succeeded his father as 3rd Lord Fairfax and General of Horse for the Parliament 28 Jan 1642, Commander in Chief, MP for Yorkshire 1660.

Fairfax continued as Lord-General of the Army throughout the political crisis of 1647-8, supporting the Independents against the Presbyterians and the Grandees against the Levellers, though his actions were largely prompted by Cromwell and Ireton.
During the Second Civil War, Fairfax crushed the Royalist uprising in Kent, then drove the Essex Royalists into Colchester, where he became bogged down in a long and increasingly bitter siege. He ordered the execution of the Royalist commanders Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle after Colchester's surrender asserting that they had broken their parole and committed treason by taking up arms against Parliament.
Fairfax became increasingly worried at events leading up to the King's trial because, as Lord-General, all the Army's actions were carried out in his name. Although he was appointed one of the commissioners of the High Court of Justice, Fairfax did not attend the King's trial. When his name was called, his wife Anne famously cried out, "He hath more wit than to be here," before being forcibly removed from the courtroom. During the execution of the King, Fairfax is said to have been detained at a prayer meeting by Cromwell and Colonel Harrison.
He succeeded as the 3rd Lord Fairfax on the death of his father, Ferdinando, in March 1648


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Fairfax remained in England during Cromwell's Irish campaign of 1649. He resigned as Lord General of the Army in 1650, declining to invade Scotland against Charles II and the Covenanters during the Third Civil War. Fairfax stated that although he would fight to the death to resist any invasion of England, he was reluctant to invade a country with which there still existed a Solemn League and Covenant. In any case he believed that strategically it made more sense to await a Scottish invasion and defeat it in England. Command of the New Model Army passed to Oliver Cromwell and Fairfax played no part in the great victories of Dunbar and Worcester.

Fairfax lived quietly in retirement during the Commonwealth and Protectorate. His daughter Mary married the Duke of Buckingham in 1657. Buckingham was in secret communication with Charles II and when Buckingham was arrested and sent to the Tower in 1658, Fairfax came to London to intercede for him, quarrelling bitterly with Cromwell a few days before the Protector's death.

When General Monck marched against Lambert, Fairfax raised the gentry of Yorkshire in support of Monck and seized York from Colonel Robert Lilburne on 1st January 1660, the day Monck set out from Coldstream. Fairfax handed York over to Monck and urged him to restore the Monarchy. The influence of Buckingham probably saved him from being condemned as a regicide after the Restoration.
In 1642 while most of the Yorkshire gentry sided with the King, Sir Thomas and his father Ferdinando, Lord Fairfax, declared for Parliament and fought many engagements in the north of England. Known as "Black Tom" for his dark complexion, Sir Thomas gained a reputation as a gallant and courageous commander, though his fortunes were mixed. The Fairfaxes were defeated by the Marquis of Newcastle at Adwalton Moor in June 1643, which temporarily left the Royalists in control of Yorkshire. Fortifying themselves in Hull and mounting lightning raids on Royalist positions, the Fairfaxes kept Newcastle's army occupied in the north and prevented a Royalist advance into East Anglia. Fairfax left his father to command Hull and crossed the Humber into East Anglia with a body of cavalry in September 1643. He collaborated for the first time with Oliver Cromwell, who was a colonel in the Eastern Association army, at the battle of Winceby in October 1643. Fairfax's victory over Lord Byron at Nantwich in January 1644 opened North Wales to the Parliamentarians. He shared in the decisive victory at Marston Moor, July 1644.
Thomas Fairfax 3rd Baron served in the military in 1645 1645, Fairfax was appointed Lord General of the New Model Army because he was one of the few senior Parliamentarian commanders not affected by the Self-Denying Ordinance. Fairfax was a strict disciplinarian and did much to establish the high code of personal conduct for which the New Model became famous. He commanded at Naseby, June 1645, the deciding battle of the First Civil War, then marched into the Royalist-held west country. He defeated Lord Goring at Langport in July and took Bristol from Prince Rupert in September 1645. Fairfax's clemency towards the local population in the west and the New Model Army's discipline stood in marked contrast to the plundering and lawlessness of Royalist commanders such as Goring and Sir Richard Grenville. After storming and capturing Dartmouth in January 1646, Fairfax sent his Cornish prisoners home with two shillings each to spread the word that the Parliamentarian army had not come to rob them. In February 1646, Fairfax defeated Lord Hopton and the remnants of the Royalist western army at Torrington, accepting Hopton's surrender at Truro on 13 March 1646. Finally in June 1646, the Royalist headquarters of Oxford surrendered to Fairfax.
Thomas studied at Oxford University from 17 May 1649. Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Baron Fairfax, of Cameron, etc. created DCL 17 May 1649 (son & Heir of Ferdinando, Lord Fairfax); MA from St John's College, Cambridge 1646-7). Comander in chief of the Parliament army 1645-50, gaind the celebrated victory at Naseby June 1645, constable of the Tower 1647, Lord of the Isle of Man 1650, MP Cirencester (LP) Dec 1646 Yorkshire (West Riding) 1654-5, 1659, Yorkshire 1660, a member of the Council of State.
Thomas died in "the Royal Favour" on 12 November 1671 at Nunappleton, Yorkshire, aged 59.
He was succeeded by his cousin Henry, 4th Lord Fairfax of Cameron.




http://www.pepysdiary.com/p/107.php

Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron (17 January 1612 - 12 November 1671) was a general and parliamentary commander-in-chief during the English Civil War <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War>.

Early life


Born at Denton Hall <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton_Hall,_Wharfedale>, near Otley <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otley>, Yorkshire <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire>, on the 17 January 1612, Fairfax was the eldest son of Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_Fairfax,_2nd_Lord_Fairfax_of_Cameron>. He studied at St John's College, Cambridge <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge> (1626-29),[1] and then proceeded to the Netherlands <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands> to serve as a volunteer with the English army in the Low Countries <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries> under Sir Horace (Lord) Vere <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Vere>. This connection led to one still closer; in the summer of 1637 Fairfax married Anne Vere, the daughter of the general.

Pre-Civil War events
The Fairfaxes, father and son, though serving at first under King Charles I <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England> (Thomas commanded a troop of horse, and was knighted by the king in 1640), were opposed to the arbitrary prerogative of the Crown <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown>, and Sir Thomas declared that "his judgment was for the Parliament as the king and kingdom's great and safest council". When Charles endeavoured to raise a guard for his own person at York <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York>, intending it, as the event afterwards proved, to form the nucleus of an army, Fairfax was employed to present a petition to his sovereign, entreating him to hearken to the voice of his parliament, and to discontinue the raising of troops. This was at a great meeting of the freeholders and farmers of Yorkshire <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire> convened by the king on Heworth Moor <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heworth_Moor&action=edit&redlink=1> near York. Charles evaded receiving the petition, pressing his horse forward, but Fairfax followed him and placed the petition on the pommel of the king's saddle.

The Civil War
War broke out, Lord Fairfax was appointed general of the Parliamentary forces in the north, and his son, Sir Thomas, was made lieutenant-general of the horse under him. Both father and son distinguished themselves in the campaigns in Yorkshire <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Rebellion>.
Sometimes severely defeated, more often successful, and always energetic, prudent and resourceful, they contrived to keep up the struggle until the crisis of 1644, when York was held by the Marquess of Newcastle <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cavendish,_Duke_of_Newcastle> against the combined forces of the English Parliamentarians and the Scots <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland>, and Prince Rupert <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine> hastened with all available forces to its relief. A gathering of eager national forces within a few square miles of ground naturally led to a battle, and Marston Moor <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marston_Moor> (2 July 1644) proved decisive for the struggle in the north. The younger Fairfax bore himself with the greatest gallantry in the battle, and though severely wounded managed to join Oliver Cromwell <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell> and the victorious cavalry on the other wing. One of his brothers, Colonel Charles Fairfax, was killed in the action. But the Marquess of Newcastle fled the kingdom, and the Royalists <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier> abandoned all hope of retrieving their affairs. The city of York was taken, and nearly the whole north submitted to the Parliament.
In the south and west of England, however, the Royalist cause was still strong. The war had lasted two years, and the nation began to complain of the contributions that were exacted, and the excesses that were committed by the military. Dissatisfaction was expressed with the military commanders, and, as a preliminary step to reform, the Self-denying Ordinance <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-denying_Ordinance> was passed. This involved the removal of the Earl of Essex <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_3rd_Earl_of_Essex> from the supreme command, along with other Members of Parliament. This was followed by the New Model Ordinance <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Model_Ordinance&action=edit&redlink=1>, which replaced the locally raised Parliamentary regiments with a unified army. Sir Thomas Fairfax was selected as the new lord general with Cromwell as his lieutenant-general and cavalry commander. After a short preliminary campaign the "New Model <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Model_Army>" justified its existence, and "the rebels' new brutish general", as the king called him, proved his capacity as commander-in-chief in the decisive victory of Naseby <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Naseby> (14 June 1645). The king fled to Wales <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales>. Fairfax besieged Leicester <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester>, and was successful at Taunton <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunton>, Bridgwater <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgwater,_England> and Bristol <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol>. The whole west was soon reduced.
Fairfax arrived in London <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London> on 12 November 1645. In his progress towards the capital he was accompanied by applauding crowds. Complimentary speeches and thanks were presented to him by both houses of parliament, along with a jewel of great value set with diamonds, and a sum of money. The king had returned from Wales and established himself at Oxford <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford>, where there was a strong garrison, but, ever vacillating, he withdrew secretly, and proceeded to Newark <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_England> to throw himself into the arms of the Scots. Oxford capitulated following the final siege of Oxford <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Oxford>, and by the end of September 1646 Charles had neither army nor garrison in England, following the surrender of Thomas Blagge <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Blagge> at Wallingford Castle <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallingford_Castle> after a siege conducted by Fairfax. In January 1647 he was delivered up by the Scots to the commissioners of parliament. Fairfax met the king beyond Nottingham <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham>, and accompanied him during the journey to Holdenby <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holdenby_House>, treating him with the utmost consideration in every way. "The general", said Charles, "is a man of honour <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honour>, and keeps his word which he had pledged to me."
With the collapse of the Royalist cause came a confused period of negotiations between the Parliament and the king, between the king and the Scots, and between the Presbyterians <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian> and the Independents <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(religion)> in and out of Parliament. In these negotiations the New Model Army soon began to take a most active part. The lord general was placed in the unpleasant position of intermediary between his own officers and Parliament. To the grievances, usual in armies of that time, concerning arrears of pay and indemnity for acts committed on duty, there was quickly added the political propaganda of the Independents, and in July the person of the king was seized by Cornet <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornet_(military_rank)> Joyce, a subaltern of cavalry - an act which sufficiently demonstrated the hopelessness of controlling the army by its articles of war <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_War>. It had, in fact, become the most formidable political party in the realm, and pressed straight on to the overthrow of Parliament and the punishment of Charles.
Fairfax was more at home in the field than at the head of a political committee, and, finding events too strong for him, he sought to resign his commission as commander-in-chief. He was, however, persuaded to retain it. He thus remained the titular chief of the army party, and with the greater part of its objects he was in complete, sometimes most active, sympathy. Shortly before the outbreak of the second Civil War, Fairfax succeeded his father in the barony and in the office of governor of Hull <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull>. In the field against the English Royalists in 1648 he displayed his former energy and skill, and his operations culminated in the successful siege of Colchester <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester,_England>, after the surrender he of which place he approved the execution of the Royalist leaders' Sir Charles Lucas <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lucas> and Sir George Lisle <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lisle>, holding that these officers had broken their parole <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole>. At the same time Cromwell's great victory of Preston <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Preston_(1648)> crushed the Scots, and the Independents became practically all-powerful.
John Milton <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton>, in a sonnet <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet> written during the siege of Colchester <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Colchester>, called upon the lord general to settle the kingdom, but the crisis was now at hand. Fairfax was in agreement with Cromwell and the army leaders in demanding the punishment of Charles, and he was still the effective head of the army. He approved, if he did not take an active part in, Pride's Purge <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride%27s_Purge> (6 December 1648), but on the last and gravest of the questions at issue he set himself in deliberate and open opposition to the policy of the officers. He was placed at the head of the judges who were to try the king, and attended the preliminary sitting of the court. Then, convinced at last that the king's death was intended, he refused to act. In calling over the court, when the crier pronounced the name of Fairfax, a lady in the gallery called out that the Lord Fairfax was not there in person, that he would never sit among them, and that they did him wrong to name him as a commissioner. This was Lady Fairfax, who could not forbear, as Bulstrode Whitelocke <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulstrode_Whitelocke> says, to exclaim aloud against the proceedings of the High Court of Justice.
His last service as commander-in-chief was the suppression of the Leveller <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levellers> mutiny <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banbury_mutiny> at Burford <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burford> in May 1649. He had given his adhesion to the new order of things, and had been reappointed lord general. But he merely administered the affairs of the army, and when in 1650 the Scots had declared for Charles II <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England>, and the council of state resolved to send an army to Scotland in order to prevent an invasion of England <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England>, Fairfax resigned his commission. Cromwell was appointed his successor, "captain-general and commander-in-chief of all the forces raised or to be raised at authority of Parliament within the Commonwealth of England."

After the fighting
Fairfax received a pension of £5000 a year, and lived in retirement at his Yorkshire home of Nunappleton <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunappleton> until after the death of the Lord Protector <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Protector>. Nunappleton and Fairfax's retirement there are the subject of Andrew Marvell's country house poem, 'Upon Appleton House <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upon_Appleton_House>'. The troubles of the later Commonwealth recalled Lord Fairfax to political activity, and for the last time his appearance in arms helped to shape the future of the country, when George Monck <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Monck> invited him to assist in the operations about to be undertaken against John Lambert <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lambert_(General)>'s army. In December 1659 he appeared at the head of a body of Yorkshire gentlemen, and such was the influence of Fairfax's name and reputation that 1200 horse quit Lambert's colours and joined him. This was speedily followed by the breaking up of all Lambert's forces, and that day secured the restoration of the monarchy. A "free" Parliament was called; Fairfax was elected member for Yorkshire <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)>, and was put at the head of the commission appointed by the House of Commons <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons> to wait upon Charles II, at the Hague <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague> and urge his speedy return. Of course the "merry monarch, scandalous and poor", was glad to obey the summons, and Fairfax provided the horse on which Charles rode at his coronation.
The remaining 11 years of the life of Lord Fairfax were spent in retirement at his seat in Yorkshire. He must, like Milton, have been sorely grieved and shocked by the scenes that followed - the brutal indignities offered to the remains of his companions in arms, Cromwell and Ireton <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ireton>, the sacrifice of Henry Vane the Younger <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger>, and the factious splintering that undermined the effectiveness of Caroline Parliament. Fairfax died at Nunappleton, and was buried at Bilbrough <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbrough>, near York.

Analysis
As a soldier he was exact and methodical in planning, in the heat of battle "so highly transported that scarce any one durst speak a word to him" (Whitelocke), chivalrous and punctilious in his dealings with his own men and the enemy. Honour and conscientiousness were equally the characteristics of his private and public character. But his modesty and distrust of his powers made him less effectual as a statesman <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statesman> than as a soldier, and above all he is placed at a disadvantage by being both in war and peace overshadowed by his associate Cromwell.
Fairfax had a taste for literature <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature>. He translated some of the Psalms <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm>, and wrote poems on solitude, the Christian warfare, the shortness of life, etc. During the last year or two of his life he wrote two Memorials which have been published - one on the northern actions in which he was engaged in 1642-1644, and the other on some events in his tenure of the chief command. At York and at Oxford he endeavoured to save the libraries from pillage, and he enriched the Bodleian <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library> with some valuable manuscripts.
The metaphysical poet Andrew Marvell <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Marvell> authored "Upon Appleton House, To My Lord Fairfax", nominally about Fairfax's home, but also his character as well as England during his era.
Lord Fairfax of Cameron's only daughter, Mary Fairfax, was married to George Villiers <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Villiers,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham>, the profligate duke of Buckingham of Charles II's court.

Other
The Fairfax cup presented at the York International 9s <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_International_9s> rugby league <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league> festival is named after Thomas Fairfax.
Fairfax House, a 92 bedroom student accommodation house located within the University of York <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_York> is named after Sir Thomas Fairfax.
He married Hon. Anne de Vere, daughter of Horatio de Vere, 1st and last Baron Vere of Tilbury and Mary Tracy, on 20 June 1637. they had a daughter, Hon. Mary Fairfax (b. 30 Jul 1638 - d. 20 Oct 1704).[2] She married George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Villiers,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham>. He was succeeded as Lord Fairfax by a cousin, Henry Fairfax, 4th Lord Fairfax of Cameron <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fairfax,_4th_Lord_Fairfax_of_Cameron>.

  Noted events in his life were:

• Acceded, 1648.

Thomas married Anne Vere [16748] [MRIN: 7971], daughter of Horatio of Tilbury Vere 1st Baron Vere of Tilbury [2659] [LZ2B-H4X] and Mary Tracy [16749], on 20 Jun 1637. (Anne Vere [16748] died on 16 Oct 1665 in Nun Appleton, Yorkshire and was buried in Bilbrough.)